Ethical Issues In Psychological Testing Psychology Essay

Ethical Issues In Psychological Testing Psychology Essay A major issue confronting a psychological researcher is ethics. Research ethics comprise many different topics, including test construction and psychometrics. Areas of concern within these areas include, but are not limited to, measurement bias; validity and reliability; errors and the use of negligence or deception; areas of limitations in the research, and recommendations. The scientist must provide enough information about the research to ensure the applicability of the results. However, the experimenter should also include information about the misuse of research and the need to consult multiple sources of information. The researcher must ensure that they are abiding by ethical process as results may have consequences that the experimenter cannot foresee, and failing to comply with these processes may lead to the scorn of the scientific community. Because of the daunting nature of this process, it is necessary for the researcher to work with fellow scientists to confirm their res earch is reputable. Keywords: ethics, errors, measurement bias, reliability, research, validity Ethical Issues in Psychological Testing Activity 9 Psychologists regularly conduct research where they have to ensure they are meeting ethical guidelines and professional standards. This may range from informed consent and confidentiality, to appropriate test use and proper testing protocol. Ethics plays a major role in how the scientific community perceives the work of a researcher. For example, a discovery where the researcher plagiarized the work of another, or was intentionally negligent in their research, would lead to their research being unaccepted by fellow scientists. Lesser examples of this include issues of a test not meeting the purposes of a research study. Therefore, ethics is an important element to legitimate research practices. Test construction is an important part of research ethics. The American Psychological Association (APA) (2010) published the manual Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This provides a statement on test construction in Standard 9.05, which says, Psychologists who develop tests and other assessment techniques use appropriate psychometric procedures and current scientific or professional knowledge for test design, standardization, validation, reduction or elimination of bias, and recommendations for use (p. 13). Test construction in ethics refers to psychometrics and professional knowledge of research methods. Klein (2005) adds to the importance of research methods because the psychometric characteristics of the instrument itself are of primary importance in test use (p. 289). As noted in the standard, this broad area of study incorporates issues of validity and reliability, measurement bias, and recommendations for applying the research in different settings, as we ll as knowledge of the research study and misuses of the research. In measurement bias, the test shows unintentional preference towards people of a certain background. Klein (2005) notes, if the overall test scores or the differential selection rates of individuals from identifiable subgroups by themselvesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦behave differently across groups, then measurement bias is said to occur (p. 296). When this happens, the research results are not accurate because the test results show distortion to favor one group over another. One cannot make accurate policies from tests that have measurement bias. In addition, the Joint Committee on Testing Practices (JCTP) (2004), in Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education, mentions that differences relating to test scores from various groups must relate to the skills being assessed, not the difference in linguistic or cultural background (p. 4). Therefore, there can be differences in research results as long as they reflect the abilities of a group. One group may have a greater ability to perform a task th an another group. This is not measurement bias; on the contrary, it is a reflection of the realistic capabilities of the group. Researchers have to ensure their test is fair and unbiased against a minority. The JCTP (2004) provides further information related to test construction. Researchers must ensure they give information regarding what the test measures, what its recommended use is, and the measures strengths and limitations. There must be a sufficient amount of information for a policy maker to make decisions from the research, including being aware of how the research might be unhelpful. The validity and reliability of the test must meet its intended purposes (p. 4). Patten (2004) refers to validity as the extent that it measures what it is designed to measure and accurately performs the function(s) it is purported to perform (p. 59). Reliability refers to the test yielding consistent results (p. 71). There should be an indication regarding whether the test measures what the researcher intended, and how consistent it is in those measurements. Researchers must also provide recommendations for the interpretation of test results, including the possible misuse of research. Readers sh ould be aware that they should not rely on one research study when making decisions. There should also be procedures for setting performance standards or passing scores if another researcher was going to give the same test (JCTP, p. 8). In the research article, there should be an indication of what score a participant requires to pass a test, or what constitutes sufficient performance. Test construction also involves errors in research. The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (1995) notes, when an unintentional error promptly corrected, the scientific community accepts the mistake. However, when a scientist is negligent due to inattention, haste, or carelessness, the researcher can be admonished because this can lead to work that does not meet the standards demanded in science (p. 15). Deception in research also has huge consequences. Deception involves Making up data or results (fabrication), changing or misreporting data or results (falsification), and using the ideas or words of another person without giving appropriate credit (plagiarism) (p. 16). Therefore, to ensure ethics in research, scientists should ensure they are not using negligence or deception. I agree with the readings in this assignment because, in academic fields, researchers have to ensure they abide by ethical procedures. Science has its basis on the scientific method, which strives for honesty during the scientific process. In addition, many previous research studies have had far-reaching consequences that the researcher did not anticipate. Therefore, it is critical that scientists abide by research ethics. This appears to be a daunting task because of the many issues regarding ethical psychological testing. However, just as college students cannot plagiarize their assignment for a class because they are breaking the rules of ethics for academic integrity, researchers cannot use deception in research. This is violating research integrity. Researchers have to be open in their study because the scientific community will scrutinize their work to ensure it acts in accordance with ethical guidelines. The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (1995) mentions that research results [must] be accepted by other scientists (p. 3). In addition, because science is a social process where scientists review the work of others to guarantee it meets socially accepted standards in science, researchers strive for responsible scientific practice (p. 4). Research must meet the guidelines devised by other professionals in their academic field because of the nature of science. In this assignment, I learned about the importance of ethics in research and the consequences of failing to abide by them. There are many grey areas in research ethics, as indicated in the book On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research. While doing research, the experimenter should make every effort to ensure that studies are valid, reliable, and lack measurement bias. The researcher must give recommendations for further use of the research and setting passing scores or performance standards. Because this appears to be a large task, beginning researchers should work closely with an advisor or faculty member to ensure they abide by ethical practices. This mentor can give practical advice on research ethics, as well as provide additional sources to consult regarding correct research disciplines.

Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Essay

The Federal and state government play essential roles in moving the United States of America forward. They both have written laws on the books that the citizens must follow or consequences will be met in court. First, I will discuss the similarities of the Federal and state government. Second, I will discuss the differences of the Federal and state governments. Last, I will discuss what roles the Federal and state play in the implementation of the criminal justice policy. When you compare the similarities of the Federal and state governments, they have powers that they both share. One of the most common powers that the Federal and state government have is setting up court systems. There are currently 208 Federal courts established in the United States of America. There are over 90 U.S. District Courts/ Trial Courts, and over 90 Bankruptcy Courts. If any company or citizen does not feel that they had a fair day in court they are allowed by law to put in an appeal, which in return may take several years to reach the highest court in our country known as Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of United States normally deals with cases interpreting the Constitution and disputes between the states. Each state has a number of judicial district court and an appellate court. Each state also has only one State Supreme Court. Both of these court systems try criminal cases. The only difference is that the Federal government issue many years if convicted with no parole. The state government issues a lot of time for criminal acts, but the criminal can get out on parole after completion of half or less of a sentence. Both the Federal and state government make and enforce laws, create and collect taxes, borrow money, seize private property, and spend money for the betterment of the general welfare. The Federal government has exclusive powers that the states do not have. First, the Federal government makes laws necessary to enforce the Constitution. Second, they print money that we use as a currency in our country. Third, the Federal government controls the Marines, Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guards for defense purposes of our national interest. The Federal government has the power to declare war on other nations. They also enter into treaties with foreign governments. They also regulate commerce between states and international trade, establish post offices and issue postage. The state government’s exclusive powers establish local governments, regulate intrastate commerce, and add amendments to the U.S. Constitution to protect their citizens. The states also can provide public health and safety, and issue driving licenses, and every state has its own Constitution. Overall they can add but they cannot remove any laws set in stone by the Federal government. For example, they can set smoking and drinking ages. The Federal and state governments are similar and also have different duties in order to run the country and states. The Federal and state play in the implementation of the criminal justice policy. The only criminal justice policy similarities that the Federal and state governments share are police policies, rules and regulations, how money is allocated to fund employees and buildings. One of the biggest differences between the Federal and state criminal justice policies is when it comes down to sentencing and the death penalty. The Federal government abolished parole in 1987. The states still have the option to offer parole to decrease the swelling in state prisons. The Federal prison has increased their numbers due to the abolishment of parole in 1987. This was due to being stricter on sentences and trying to deter future crimes. As you can see it did not work because people will continue to be involved in murder, drugs, and illicit trade and human trafficking. The states also have laws for these crimes with strict penalties. Only way the Federal government gets involved in any state affairs is if Federal law was violated or the Federal government feels that if the state runs a risk of not convicting and individual and losing they will take up the case because they have more resources. Many states have the death penalty on the books, and other abolished it calling it inhumane. The federal government has no problem with putting an individual to death when certain crimes are committed. Also, the Federal government has 12 juries in court cases whereas it varies in state courts. The Federal government has many similarities and differences as the state governments. They both have their own exclusive powers and shared powers. Overall the citizens have to follow state and Federal laws or suffer severe consequences. When it comes to criminal justice policies the Federal government and the state governments share many similarities. The differences vary when it comes down parole and the death penalty. I believe that they work together to reach a common goal. References Longley, R. (2013). Federalism: National vs. State Government the powers of national and state governments. Retrieved from http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/rightsandfreedoms/a/federalism.htm Marion, N.E., & Oliver, W.E. (2006). The Criminal Justice Policy Process. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Chapter 5

Gender Stereotypes Disney Princesses Are Not Harmful To...

Gender Stereotypes: Disney princesses are not harmful to young girls In this New age, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls their role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models for girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. Although it may seem great parents think otherwise. Parents think they promote damaging stereotypes of women. There are many good intentions to show girls how strong that they could be one day just like the princesses. Many people feel as that†¦show more content†¦Monika Bartyzel, States â€Å"Princesses represent one insufficient form of the feminine that has an immense collision on young civilization† (Bartyzel 470). Disney princesses’ films are made to give young princesses hope. In some cases, the princesses saved their prince. Pocahontas rescued her monarch and she conclude the fighting in the process of doing so. Mulan also saved her prince and conserve china while doing so. In some stories the princesses ended up not being with the guy. This teaches young girls that not all things will come true, but it’s the thought that matters most. Doing nice things doesn’t always means that you should get a reward in return. People do nice things because it’s the right and best thing to do in life. Disney princess could be harmful to young girls who takes them as their role models. There are princesses better than others and some are awful role models. Some princesses instruct young girls that it’s fine to be unassertive, which is a bad thing to teach to young girls. Also, I find that some princesses modify themselves just to amuse a gentleman. Ariel the princess in â€Å"Little Mermaid† adjust each thing concerning herself for a man. She transferred up her intermediary to obtain limbs so that she could exist with a guy. As Bartzyel stated in line 468, â€Å"Taming her hair, and shrinking her breast. When a young a girl sees that they will think that’s it’s okay to give up certain things just to be withShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes : Are Disney Princesses Harmful? Young Girls?1020 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Are Disney princesses harmful to young girls? In this society, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls they role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models to girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. AlthoughRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney Princess Culture1356 Words   |  6 PagesFrom a young age, princess culture has impacted the lives of numerous people. Some individuals may have spent their childhood in the attire of their favorite Disney princess while they put on their best rendition of the character they admired most. Other children went seemingly unfazed by the phenomenon, as their peers remained spellbound by the magical world of princesses. With Disney’s debut of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, princess movies provided the defin ing factor of the Disney entertainmentRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. 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Beginning around the age of 18 months, cartoons are the most interesting format of media to children (Thompson 1995). When young children spending so much time engaging in these forms of media, the messages they send are very important. When young children- boys and girls are absorbing all this information, aren t consciously aware of the stereotypicalRead MoreEffects Of Gender Roles And Sexuality1755 Words   |  8 PagesFocus topic: The effect of gender roles and sexuality depicted in Disney on children Article 1: Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses Some of the main research questions of the study can are all related to gender roles, such as ‘What are some gender roles issues that arise and can be depicted in Disney movies?’, ‘How will these films affect the child’s outcome on behaviour and their characteristics?’, ‘Will these films cause any harm to children?’ As well as the question of ‘Should

The Marketing Plan For Pepsi - 944 Words

Summary: Pepsi recently announced that they are releasing a new soda brand to be named 1893. Although no other official information has been released besides the name, it is said to be a â€Å"premium† soda to complement the company. The name â€Å"1983† was chosen because that is the year one of the main creators of Pepsi was born, Caleb Bradham. He created a beverage â€Å"Brad’s Drink† that would eventually change its name to Pepsi. Last year Pepsi came out with â€Å"Caleb’s Soda† which is marketed as a more premium soda, so sources are assuming this one will follow suit. Both sodas are named after Caleb Bradham, who created the original drink as a more healthy soda to aid digestion without the narcotics or caffeine (before the company would add it later on). This new product is being launched as Pepsi consumption sales are declining. The company also announced it would be releasing a â€Å"Stubborn Soda† line that will be offered to buy at select places. Critique: The product seems to be an innovative idea. The price will likely be more pricy then usual soda products because the company is looking towards a premium branding for 1893. Luckily with Pepsi being a well-known, established brand, they should not have a big difficulty with placement through long established relationships and connections. Promotion would be the most detrimental strategy that Pepsi could use to launch this new soda and soda line. With declining sales it is critical that these new products do well. Doing a littleShow MoreRelatedPepsi Marketing Plan.13402 Words   |  54 PagesPaper Based on â€Å"Marketing Plan Company Name: PEPSI Date of Submission: 7th December 2010. Submitted By: Group-Luminous. Name I.D. Farhana Akhter 0941 Al-Batul-Sabera 08530160 Sharmila Rani Dus 0941 Mahmuda 0941 Md.Hanif Miah 0941 H.M.Enayet Karim 08510140 Submitted To: Ms. Rahma Akhter. Lecturer of U.I.T.S School of Business. 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This newRead MorePepsi Blue Case Study1521 Words   |  7 PagesPEPSI BLUE CASE STUDY: THE CHALLENGES INHERENT IN EXECUTING A GLOBAL RE-BRANDING CAMPAIGN During the 1990s, PepsiCo launched new products and engineered a global re-branding campaign in an effort to grow sales volume; reinvigorate their stagnant brand; and to close the increasingly large sales and market share gap between itself and its primary competitor, Coca-Cola. In 1993, Pepsi jump-started its marketing efforts by adding two brands to its portfolio: Crystal Pepsi and Pepsi Max. CrystalRead MorePepsi Elements Of Marketing Strategy814 Words   |  4 PagesPepsi Elements of Marketing Introduction PepsiCo is the second largest nationwide food and beverage industry in the world. This company has twenty-two brand names that collectively bring in billions of annual funding from the retails. Their main focus is to produce pleasingly food and beverage within the company that are valued to household names throughout the world. 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